The Covid-19 pandemic has forced the economic activities of the world to come at a halt. To save the world from a devastating recession, different countries are announcing stimulus packages for various sectors. As of April 15th, the Government of Bangladesh has introduced stimulus packages of a total of BDT 1,000 billion which is 3.3% of the total GDP.[1]
Understanding The Stimulus Packages of Bangladesh
The major packages have been discussed in the table below.
Package Number | Amount (In BDT crores) | Beneficiary | Fund Sourcing | Cost of Fund |
1 | 30,000 | Industries and Service-sectors as working capital loans | As loans from commercial banks | 4.5% by the beneficiary and 4.5% by the government as subsidy |
2 | 20,000 | Cottage, micro, small and medium enterprises (CMSMEs) as working capital loans | As loans from commercial banks | 4% by the beneficiary and 5% by the government as subsidy. |
3 | 12,750 | To facilitate raw material imports under back-to-back LCs | Bangladesh Bank Export Development Fund | 2% |
4 | 5,000 | Pre-shipment Credit Refinance Scheme for local products alongside the export sector | Bangladesh Bank | 7% |
Apart from these there has been announcements of insurance schemes for healthcare workers and ration cards for vulnerable families.
Funding of The Stimulus Packages and The Commercial Banks
It is evident from these packages that their main purpose is to assist in different industries so that they are not devastated by the Covid-19 lockdowns. It can be seen that the funding is being done by both commercial banks and the Bangladesh Bank. Commercial Banks usually see a significant dip in their profitability during economic crises.[2]
However, the Bangladeshi commercial banks were already recovering from a liquidity crisis. It can also be predicted that there will be a lot of loan defaults due to the Covid crisis. Thus, it might be beyond the ability of the commercial banks to be able to provide the loans. The Bangladesh Bank is also trying to ensure they can inject liquidity in the commercial banks. With that in mind, the Bangladesh Bank reduced the repo rate to 5.75% from 6%. The repo rate is the rate at which the Commercial Banks can obtain cash from the Bangladesh Bank.[3] The Bangladesh Bank also cut the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to 5% which injected about BDT 64 billion to the economy. However, the Association of Bankers deemed this to not be enough to obtain the necessary liquidity and asked the Bangladesh Bank to reduce the repo rate to 5%, the Cash Reserve Ratio to 4.25 and the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) to 11% from 13%.[4]
Where Does the Stimulus Packages of Bangladesh Stand In Comparison To Other Countries?
A comparison with the G20 countries show that, apart from the top three countries, Bangladesh’s spending behind the stimulus packages are on par with the other countries. This indicates that Bangladesh is allocating sufficient resources behind the Covid crisis.
An important difference between the stimulus packages announced in Bangladesh and that of other countries is the absence of direct cash transfers to the general populace. For example, in the USA, 30% of the total USD 2 Trillion shall be spent behind transferring direct cash to the population. They have allotted USD 1200 for adult individuals and USD 500 for minors.[5] The neighboring country of India is also spending USD 22.5 billion for lockdown affected individuals.[6]
Canada has offered stimulus packages similar to Bangladesh where loans were offered to industries with low or no interest rates. But regardless of that, Canada is also extending support to families with children. [7]
Issues Threatening the Effectiveness of the Packages
At face value, the stimulus package seems like a lifeline for the people of the country. However there are multiple issues that might make the package to be very problematic for the economy in both the short and long term.
Loan Defaulting
Loans are declared as Non Performing Loans (NPL) when the lenders are absolutely unable to pay off the banks. The rise of NPLs is a threat to the economy of any country. Funds being blocked as NPLs cause banks to have insufficient funds for future loans. This hinders employment generation and the lending rates increase due to scarcity of loanable funds and this in turn widens the gap between the rich and the poor as people with low capital are unable to afford loans at higher rates. It can eventually cause a liquidity crisis too.[8]
Bangladesh has been dealing with loan defaulters for a very long time with 170,000 loan defaulters in total (as of 2019) and less than 1 percent of those defaulters holding more than 50 percent of all the default loans.[9] This rate has only risen over time as shown in the graph
The rise of defaults shown in the graph is from before the crisis. Maximum share of the stimulus money is repayable loans which means that commercial banks will be responsible for getting this money back after the crisis. With firms losing businesses across all industries, it is evident that non performing loans (NPL) will only increase as the crisis lengthens. In the long term, the non payment of these big loans made by the government thus might prove disastrous and has the potential to leave a large dent in the economy of the country.
Ongoing Liquidity Crisis
The rise in NPLs has fueled the liquidity crisis in Bangladesh from before the start of the pandemic. The banks decreased deposit rates in February which slowed down deposit growth. As a result, lending capacity was reduced. In addition to this, the cost of borrowing of commercial banks is still around 7% to 7.5% and so it is difficult for them to lend at 9% under the stimulus package. Bank withdrawals by individuals for buying essentials have steadily increased during this pandemic and this also is a threat to the borrowing ability of banks.[11]
There will be a need for huge amounts of cash in the post crisis economy. Due to the previous liquidity crisis and probable inability to collect the stimulus money back, there is a threat of a long term liquidity problem.
Disbursement Problems
BDT 677.50 billion of the stimulus package (nearly 70%) is repayable loan. The commercial banks have been given the responsibility of distributing the loans. They are responsible for not only selecting their customers through “bank-client relationships” but also ensuring the customers pay back in time. Thus, all risks associated with lending such as market risk, sectoral risk, management risk etc. of these already risky disbursements falls on the commercial banks. In addition to these new problems, lots of new banks and NBFI (Non Banking financial institutions) have lost the confidence of the people and thus lack the necessary deposits to tackle this huge challenge.[12]
Countries have taken steps to provide money to businesses and people directly. For example Pakistan has enabled citizens to withdraw cash directly from banks with their national ID cards.[13] But the existing process in disbursing loans through banks in Bangladesh does not put money in the hands of the most needy and vulnerable.
The Ignored Sectors
- Public Health: This sector received only a BDT 1 billion stimulus despite being the most important sector right now. The stimulus is only for COVID 19 affected government health workers, that too in the form of health insurance.[13] In the long term, the health system infrastructure is bound to get exhausted from the additional pressure.
- Food Security: About 23.8 million people are suffering from starvation according to a BRAC survey. Only 49,000 metric tonnes of food grain have been distributed and this is meager compared to the demand right now. Agricultural loans don’t even begin to solve the immediate need for food.[13]
Is There a Solution?
Given how nearly every sector is in jeopardy, there does not seem to be one perfect solution. However, fixing some of the problems identified can go a long way in battling this crisis in the following ways:
- Bangladesh Bank has already adapted strict measures in preventing handing out the disbursements to repeat offenders. Among other measures, firms are required to have at least a marginal credit rating from ICRRS (Internal Credit Risk Rating System), use the package money for only regular business activities and have less than 3 loan payment reschedulings. These have to be well implemented to prevent the rise of NPLs in this crisis. [15]
- More cash has to be infused to the public health infrastructure in the form of infrastructure and logistical development
- Cash must reach the neediest. Direct disbursement would help people access stimulus money easily and would also reduce the pressure on banks.
- More foreign funds would reduce the pressure on the government. The World Bank has already fast tracked a USD 100 Million COVID 19 support for Bangladesh through IDA (International Development Association).[16] SAARC Development Fund (SDF) has approved a USD 5 Million fund for all SAARC countries.[17] The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved a USD 300,000 fund for Bangladesh too.[18] In addition to all this, the government has requested funds from different sources illustrated by the table below:
So, the stimulus has to be properly readjusted, channeled and distributed so that the most vital sectors can be protected in both the short and long term.
Kidwa Arif & Eqra Mohammad Resalat Ohee Trainee Consultant at LightCastle Partners, has prepared the write-up. For further clarifications, contact here: [email protected]
References
- 1. Prime Minister: Stimulus packages for saving people, economy-The Dhaka Tribune
- 2. How did the financial crisis affect the banking sector?-Investopedia
- 3. Mobilising liquidity top priority– The Daily Star
- 4. Banks to seek help to fulfil gigantic stimulus package-The Daily Star
- 5. The Anatomy of the $2 Trillion COVID-19 Stimulus Bill-Visual Capitalist
- 6. Coronavirus: India announces stimulus package worth $22.5 billion-CNBC
- 7. Factbox: Highlights of Canada’s stimulus measures to fight coronavirus outbreak-Reuters
- 8. The economic consequence of non-performing loans – The Daily Star
- 9. Defaulted Bank Loans: Less than 1pc hold more than half – The Daily Star
- 10. Defaulted loans still going up – The Daily Star
- 11. Bailout package: Banks’ liquidity crisis to hinder implementation – Dhaka Tribune
- 12. How will the Covid-19 stimulus package be implemented? – The Daily Star
- 13. News Analysis: Where the stimulus package falls short – The Dhaka Tribune
- 14. How to get a stimulus check from the US government, which could pay up to $1,200 if you qualify – Business Insider
- 15. Bangladesh Bank sets strict conditions for Tk30,000cr stimulus package – The Business Standard
- 16. World Bank Fast-Tracks $100 Million COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Support for Bangladesh – World Bank
- 17. Regarding the grant proposal for COVID-19 Emergency Response Project (s) under SAARC Development Fund (SDF) social window – Ministry of Finance
- 18. Grant to support health safety materials procurement to bolster Bangladesh’s efforts to contain spread of novel coronavirus – Asian Development Bank
- 19. Dhaka wants $2.6b to face pandemic fallout – The Business Standard